Phosphorus in the soil is an &#;immobile nutrient&#;, meaning it has a relatively short range of movement in the soil over time, and its availability to plants is influenced by chemical and environmental factors. Most of the P in the soil is tied up chemically in a form that is unavailable to a crop in any given growing season. Indeed, the amount of P available to plants is very low compared to the total amount of P in the soil. For example, total soil phosphorus may exceed 800 to 1,000 pounds per acre (896 to kg per hectare), but the plant available P might only be 0.04 to 0.13 pounds per acre (0.4 to 0.15 kg per hectare). The temperature of the soil and the amount of soil moisture can also influence the availability of soil P and its rate of uptake by plants. Dry soil conditions can negatively impact uptake by the root system.
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As a crop removes the available P, the soil releases more chemically available P into the soil solution. Plants become P deficient when they require more P than the soil can release. Soil tests do not report total P in the soil, given that most of that P is unavailable, but instead predict if the soil will be able to release enough bioavailable P during the growing season to keep up with the projected yield goal. Fertilization is often recommended when soil tests indicate that adding P could help increase yield potential.
Manure is an excellent source of slow-release, organic P that can be broken down by microbes into plant-available forms. However, the amount of bioavailable in manure can vary depending on several important factors, such as:
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Plants require phosphorus to grow throughout their life cycle, especially during the early stages of development. Phosphorus is integral to photosynthesis, which plants need in order to synthesize sugars, starches, and proteins.1 Adequate P levels are particularly important during the early to enhance shoot and root growth, and to increase water use efficiency and yield potential. When P levels are too low, corn cannot grow, produce, or tolerate stress.
Early season phosphorus deficiency symptoms can occur in plants with low soil temperatures, even if adequate P is present. Low soil temperatures limit root growth and nutrient uptake, resulting in a temporary P deficiency that may cause plants to be stunted or purple in color (Figure 1). The purple coloration is caused by the accumulation of reddish-purple anthocyanin pigments. Symptoms diminish as the soil warms up.3
However, P deficiency is not the only thing that can cause corn seedlings to turn purple. This color can also be caused by a combination of bright, sunny days and cool nights (40s to 50s °F, 4 to 10&#;s °C) during the V3 to V6 stages which cause high photosynthetic activity during the day and little metabolism during the night, resulting in an accumulation of the anthocyanin pigments.2 This condition will not impact yield, unlike a P deficiency. Some corn products also have a natural, genetic purple seedling color that can be mistaken for cold weather-induced P deficiency. This purple coloration can be observed on some corn products during all stages of plant development.
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