Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic.
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Typically, natural diamonds age for between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years. Most were formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometers in the Earth’s mantle. Some have come from depths of as much as 800 kilometers under high pressure and temperatures, where carbon-containing fluids dissolved minerals and replaced them with diamonds. Much more recently (tens to hundreds of million years ago), they were carried to the surface in volcanic eruptions and deposited in igneous rocks known as kimberlites.
Diamonds have the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material.
See the diagram below which emphasizes the level of hardness of diamond in comparison to other materials. The material with the next level of hardness is CBN which is less than half as hard as the Diamond.
Hardness is a fundamental property of a material to resist a force applied causing it to deform. Another interpretation of the diamond hardness would be higher wear resistance. It can be easily understood that when diamond is in abrasive contact with another material, the diamond would remove much more stock from the other material, than would be removed from the diamond itself.
Clearly, due to higher hardness, diamond applications can be seen in the cutting tools industry. Diamonds are used in grinding wheels to grind hard metals, such as tungsten carbide or to cut and shape granite. Diamonds are being used as a cutting tool edge for the machining of non-ferrous abrasive materials, such as composite materials, hard ceramics, high silicone aluminum etc. Diamonds are also being used as a cutting edge in the road-header on excavating machines for roads, tunnels and mining.
The second advantage of the diamond as a cutting tool material is the thermal conductivity.
During machining, the cutting forces generate heat. The heat is distributed among 3 elements: the workpiece, the cutting tool and the removed material chips.
The high thermal conductivity of the diamond will ensure that large amounts of heat energy is dissipated in the tool itself and less to the workpiece. This protects the workpiece from thermal shock or deformation; this is mandatory, for instance, when machining carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). A higher heat level in the material might cause melting of the resin material while deteriorating the composite material’s mechanical properties.
Telcon has been manufacturing in-house cutting tools for more than 35 years and gained vast experience and expertise in the manufacture of Diamond PCD tools and solutions for various applications in the machining of composite materials. All cutting tool solutions (PCD drills, CVD drills, PCD end mills and CVD routers or PCD countersinks) are high quality and high performance, providing long tool life with non-delamination and non-bur issues.
People have always been attracted to beautiful, rare objects. Diamonds have been treasured as gemstones since ancient times, admired for their beauty, and people still think of diamonds as the ultimate luxury in jewellery. However, diamonds are valued for far more than their captivating beauty. Their unique physical properties make them prized above all other gems.
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We are all familiar with De Beers’ famous slogan: “A diamond is forever”, first used in 1947, and the beauty of a diamond set in an engagement ring, earrings and other fine jewellery. Diamonds have an entrenched association with the bridal sector and are the traditional stone in engagement and wedding rings, representing eternal love and commitment.
The superior strength and unique properties of diamonds make them suitable for a wide range of industrial uses. Most diamonds mined lack the quality necessary to become gemstones and 80% of all rough diamonds go towards industrial uses.
Traditionally, because diamonds are so hard (scoring a 10 on the Mohs Hardness Scale)* and durable, their use has centred on cutting, drilling and polishing, and they are especially popular in the mining industry and in the military. Very small diamond particles are embedded into saw blades, drill bits and grinding wheels to increase their ability to cut tough materials. Diamond powder, made into a diamond paste, is used for polishing or for very fine grinding.
Diamonds are also used to cut and polish other diamonds for jewellery.
Diamonds are an integral part of the automotive industry and are used in the production of vehicles. Diamond saws and drill bits cut and finish car body and engine components and diamond-coated grinding wheels bevel and polish the glass in windows.
Diamond membranes are very durable, resistant to heat and abrasion and are transparent. Diamond windows are made from very thin diamond membranes and used to cover openings in lasers, vacuum chambers and x-ray machines.
Diamonds have potential health benefits. Medical research indicates that nanodiamonds – tiny diamond particles – may be an indicator of the effectiveness of cancer medication once administered to patients allowing doctors to monitor the progression of the cells.
Researchers are also looking into using diamonds to help the visually impaired, and testing diamonds as a potential material for bionic eyes and eye implants.
Many dental tools include diamond tips to help dentists drill with maximum efficiency and without worrying about breaking instruments.
Diamonds are used to engrave hard stone like granite and quartz because diamonds will not break or even scratch.
Industrial-grade diamonds are believed to enhance the performance of high-quality speakers, improving sound quality. Diamond is a very stiff material, and thin diamond domes can vibrate rapidly without deforming and lessening the sound quality. Diamonds are also used in record player needles and DJ equipment.
Some beauty companies offer expensive diamond-based beauty products including diamond-flecked spray, exfoliators and blurring agents which, allegedly, reduce the appearance of wrinkles.
Diamonds are resistant to heat and can heat up and cool down without having a major impact on performance and conduct heat extremely well. Diamonds are, therefore, used as a material for heat sinks. A heat sink is an electronic device that incorporates either a fan or a peltier device to keep a hot component such as a processor cool.
Through continuous research, scientists are finding other, more sophisticated uses for nanodiamonds in high-tech applications, including super lasers, surgical tools, medical devices and next generation computing (spintronics).
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